Soil Physicochemical Properties, Plant Mineral Contents, Plant Phytochemicals, and Antibacterial Activity of Harungana madagascariensis (Lam. Ex. Poir) Leaf Extracts Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj87.03.058Keywords:
Harungana madagascariensis, antibacterial, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), alkaloids, flavonoidsAbstract
This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial potential of Harungana madagascariensis leaf extracts against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) while considering the soil physicochemical properties, plant mineral contents, and phytochemical composition. Methods. Fresh leaves of H. madagascariensis were collected from two locations in Nigeria and subjected to aqueous and ethanol extraction. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated against MRSA using the disc diffusion method, and their potency was assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Soil samples were also collected from the two locations to analyze their physicochemical properties. Results. The results showed that ethanol leaf extracts exhibited higher inhibitory zones against MRSA compared to aqueous extracts in both locations. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, tannins, anthraquinones, and triterpenoids. The MIC and MBC values indicated potent antibacterial activity, with lower concentrations of ethanol extracts showing effective inhibition and killing of MRSA. Soil analysis demonstrated variations in physical and mineral properties between the two locations. Conclusions. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the significant antibacterial potential of H. madagascariensis leaf extracts against MRSA. The findings highlight the importance of extraction methods, phytochemical composition, and soil properties in influencing the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts.
Downloads
References
Abuzeid, N., Kalsum, S., Koshy, R. J., Larsson, M., Glader, M., Andersson, H., Raffetseder, J., Pienaar, E., Eklund, D., Alhassan, M. S., AlGadir, H. A., Koko, W. S., Schön, T., Ahmed Mesaik, M., Abdalla, O. M., Khalid, A., & Lerm, M. (2014). Antimycobacterial activity of selected medicinal plants traditionally used in Sudan to treat infectious diseases. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 157, 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.020
Agbede, O. O. (2009). Understanding Soil and Plant Nutrition. Nigeria: Salmon Press and Co. Ltd, 20-60.
Akinjogunla, O. J., & Oluyege, A. O. (2016). Thermostability and in vitro Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera Pods on Multidrug Resistant Clinical Isolates. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 14(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2016/23549
Akinjogunla, O. J., Adenugba, I. T & Jumbo, O. M. (2012). In vitro antibacterial evaluation of ethanolic stem crude extracts of Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Anacardiaceae) on Streptococcus mutans associated with dental caries. Scientific Journal of Microbiology, 1(3), 71-81.
Akinjogunla, O. J., Etok, C. A., & Oshoma, C. E. (2011). Preliminary phytochemistry and in vitro antibacterial efficacy of Hydro-Ethanolic leaf extracts of Psidium guajava on common urinary tract Bacterial Pathogens. Bioresearch Bulletin, 1, 065-072.
Alagesaboopathi, C. (2011). Antimicrobial screening of selected medicinal plants in Tamilnadu, India. Int J Pharma Pharmaceut Sci, 3(2), 157-159.
Anibijuwon, I., Ifeoluwa, G., & Jumai, A. (2018). Susceptibility of Selected Multi-Drug Resistant Clinical Isolates to Leaves of Carpolobia lutea. Ethiop J Health Sci. 28(2), 117. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v28i2.3
Antia, B. S., Ita, B. N., Udo, U. E. (2015). Nutrient Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Harungana madagascariensis Stembark Extracts. J Med Food, 18(5), 609-614. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.0084
Anwana, E. D., Ita, R. E., & Mbong, E. O. (2018). Spatial Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soils and Plants of a Landfill site in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. Cancer Biology, 8(1), 144-149. https://doi.org/10.4314/tfb.v27i2.1
Anyanwu, M. U., & Okoye, R. C. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology, 6(2), 240-259. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20170106073231
Awodele, O., Popoola, T. D., Amadi, K. C., Coker, H. A. B., & Akintonwa, A. (2013). Traditional medicinal plants in Nigeria-Remedies or risks. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150, 614-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.015
Berniyanti, T., & Mahmiyah, E. (2015). Microbiological Studies on the Production of Antimicrobial Agent by Saponin Aloe vera Linn Against Streptococcus sanguinis. Research Journal of Microbiology, 10, 385-392. https://doi.org/10.3923/jm.2015.385.392
Borges, A., José, H., Homem, V., & Simões, M. (2020). Comparison of Techniques and Solvents on the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Extracts from Acacia dealbata and Olea europaea. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 9(2), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020048
Burneo, J. I., Benítez, Á., Calva, J., Velastegui, P., & Morocho, V. (2021). Soil and Leaf Nutrients Drivers on the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Siparuna muricata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. DC. from Ecuador. Molecules 26, 2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26102949
Bussmann, R. W., Malca-García, G., Glenn, A., Sharon, D., Chait, G., Díaz, D., Pourmand, K., Jonat, B., Somogy, S., Guardado, G., Aguirre, C., Chan, R., Meyer, K., Kuhlman, A., Townesmith, A., Effio-Carbajal, J., Frías-Fernandez, F., & Benito, M. (2010). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plants used in Northern Peru as antibacterial remedies. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 132(1), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.048
Chikezie, P. C., Ibegbulem, C. O., & Mbagwu, F. N. (2015). Bioactive princples from medicinal plants. Research Journal of Phytochemistry, 9(3), 88-115. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2015.88.115
CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 31st edn. CLSI Supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, 2021.
Colombo, M. L., & Bosisio, E. (1996). Pharmacological activities of Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae). Pharmacological research, 33(2), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1006/phrs.1996.0019
Cowan, M. M. (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical microbiology reviews, 12(4), 564-582. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.4.564
Edem, E. N., Onwuezobe, I. A., Ochang, E. A., Etok, C. A., & Eyakndue, E. O. (2013). Antibiogram of nasal isolates of Staphylococci in anterior nares of Human immunodeficiency virus patients in the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH) Uyo, Akwa Ibom. J Microbiol Microb Res, 1(2), 7-12.
Edem, E. N., Onwuezobe, I. A., Ochang, E. A., Etok, C. A., & James, I. S. (2013). Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates from the Anterior Nares and Hands of Health Care Workers in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH) Uyo, AkwaIbom State, Nigeria. J Bacteriol Parasitol, 4, 168. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000168
Egorov, A. M., Ulyashova, M. M., & Rubtsova, M. Y. (2018). Bacterial Enzymes and Antibiotic Resistance. Acta naturae, 10(4), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2018-10-4-33-48
Elumalero, G. O., Apenah, M. O., Ogundele, O. O., Adesanmi, V. S., & Olalekan, O. J. (2021). Effect of Soil Nutrient Concentrations on the Quantity of Tannin and Flavonoid Deposited in Gmelina arborea Fruit Located in Different Locations. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment, 13(2), 37-44.
Erah, P. O., Asonye, C. C., & Okhamafe, A. O. (2003). Response of Trypanosoma brucei brucei-induced anaemia to a commercial herbal preparation. Afr J Biotech 2, 307-311. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2003.000-1063
Etok, C. A., Edem, E. N., & Ochang, E. (2012). Aetiology and antimicrobial studies of surgical wound infections in University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH) Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. J Bacteriol Parasitol, 1, 341.
Etukudo, M. M., & Fubara, G. E. (2018). Variations in Nutrient and Phytochemical Constituents in Leaf, Stem and Root of Garcinia Manni Oliv Domesticated in Tropical Soil. International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, 6(1), 400-407. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i1.2018.1634
Etukudo, M. M., & Osim, S. E. (2018). Nutritional and Phytochemical Studies of Jatropha Tanjorensis Ellis & Saroja Under Varied Soil Conditions. Int J Adv Res, 6(1), 506-510. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/6250
Etukudo, M. M., Hamilton-Amachree, A., & Roberts, E. M. I. (2015). Eco-physiological Studies of Elemental and Proximate Contents of Gnetum africanum Welw and Telfairia occidentalis Hook seeds from two Ecological Zones of Akwa Ibom State. European International Journal of Science and Technology. 4(6), 47-53.
Gemechu, A., Giday, M., Worku, A., & Ameni, G. (2013). In vitro anti-mycobacterial activity of selected medicinal plants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis strains. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 13, 291. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-291
Happi, G. M., Tiani, G. L. M., Gbetnkom, B. Y. M., Hussain, H., Green, I. R., Ngadjui, B. T., & Kouam, S. F. (2020). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Harungana madagascariensis: mini review. Phytochemistry Letters, 35, 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2019.11.015
Hoekou, Y. P., Tchacondo, T., Karou, D. S., Yerbanga, R. S., Achoribo, E., Da, O., Atakpama, W., & Batawila, K. Therapeutic potentials of ethanolic extract of leaves of Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Dur. and Schinz (Apocynaceae). (2017). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 14(2), 227-233. https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v14i2.24
Isikhuemen, E. M., Olisaemeka, U. O., & Oyibotie, G. O. (2020). Host specificity and phytochemical constituents of mistletoe and twigs of parasitized plants: Implications for blanket application of mistletoe as cure-all medicine. Journal of Medicinal Herbs and Ethnomedicine, 6, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.25081/jmhe.2020.v6.5686
Iwalewa, E. O., Suleiman, M. M., Mdee, L. K., Eloff, J. N. (2009). Antifungal and antibacterial activities of different extracts of Harungana madagascariensis stem bark. Pharm Biol, 47, 878-885. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200903029316
Kaczmarek, B. (2020). Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials - A Minireview. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 13(14), 3224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143224
Kuete, V. (2010). Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections: a review. Planta medica, 76(14), 1479-1491. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1250027
Liaudanskas, M., Kubilienė, L., Žvikas, V., & Trumbeckaitė, S. (2021). Comparison of Ethanolic and Aqueous-Polyethylenglycolic Propolis Extracts: Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM, 5557667. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5557667
Mbong, E. O., Ogbemudia, F. O., & Samuel, E. I. (2020). Tree Species Diversity and Dominance in relation to Soil properties in University of Uyo Arboretum. International Journal of Plant. Animal and Environmental Sciences, 10, 140-147.
Mbong, E. O., Ogbemudia, F. O., & Samuel, E. I. (2020). Tree Species Diversity and Dominance in relation to Soil properties in University of Uyo Arboretum. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 10, 140-147.
Mbosowo, E. M., & Ebinimitei, S. C. (2018). The Effect of Soil Conditions on the Physiological Indices of Costus afer Ker Gawl. International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, 6(1), 362-367. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i1.2018.1630
Menaa, F., Menaa, A., & Treton, J. (2014). Polyphenols against skin aging. In: Polyphenols in human health and disease. Academic Press, Cambridge, 1, 819-830. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398456-2.00063-3
Mingzhu, H., Ke Zhang, Huijuan Tan, Rui Hu, Jieqiong Su, Jin Wang, Lei Huang, Yafeng Zhang, & Xinrong Li. (2015). Nutrient Levels within Leaves, Stems, and Roots of the Xeric Species Reaumuria oongorica in Relation to Geographical, Climatic, and Soil Conditions. Ecology and Evolution, 5(7), 1494-1503. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1441
Moulari, B., Pellequer, Y., Chaumont, J. P., Guilaume, Y. C., & Millet, T. (2007). In vitro antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of Harungana madagascariensis lam. Ex. Poir(Hypericaceae) against strains causing otitis externa in dogs and cats. Acta Vet Hung, 55, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1556/avet.55.2007.1.10
Mudau, H. S., Mokoboki, H. K., Ravhuhali, K. E., & Mkhize, Z. (2022). Effect of Soil Type: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals in Some Browse Species Leaves Found in Savannah Biome of South Africa. Molecules, 27(5), 1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051462
Mukeba, B., Ngbolua, K. T. N., Ngombe, K., Mpiana, T., Mukoko, B., Mutwale, K., Kabena, N., Ngondo, M., & Mbemba, F. (2020). Review on ethnobotany, phytochemitry and bioactivity of the tropical medicinal plant species Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Ex Poiret. Discovery Phytomedicine, 7(3), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.15562/phytomedicine.2020.140
Mukeba, F. B., Mukoko, J. B., Mayangi, M. M., Ngondo, M. M., Ngelinkoto, P. M., Bamba, J. V., Kitwa, F., Bongo, G. N., Mutwale, P. K., Ngbolua, K. N., Ngombe, N. K., Mpiana, P. T., Mbemba, T. F. (2020). Microscopic Features, Mineral Contents, Antisickling, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Stem Bark of Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Ex Poiret (Hypericaceae). European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 31(20), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2020/v31i2030355
Mukhtar, M. D., Orah, S. A., & Mohammed, Y. (2017). Antimicrobial Activity of Moringa on Ear, Nose And Throat Associated Fungi, and Vancomycin Resistant Cocci Isolated at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Afr J Cln Exper Microbiol, 18(3), 159-166. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v18i3.5
Ogbonnia, S., Adekunle, A. A., Bosa, M. K., & Enwuru, V. N. (2008). Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of Alstonia congensis engler (apocynaceae) bark and Xylopia aethiopica (dunal) A. rich (Annonaceae) fruits mixtures used in the treatment of diabetes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 247, 188-192.
Okoye, T. C., Nworu, C. S., Mbaoji, F. N., Nwabunike, I. A., & Onyeto, C. A. (2016). Landolphia owariensis leaf extracts reduce parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Pharmaceutical biology, 54(10), 2017-2025. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2016.1138970
Okwu, M. U., Olley, M., Akpoka, A. O., & Izevbuwa, O. E. (2019). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and anti-MRSA activities of extracts of some medicinal plants: A brief review. AIMS microbiology, 5(2), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2019.2.117
Olasehinde, G. I., Ayanda, O. I., Ajayi, A. A., & Nwabueze, A. P. (2012). In vivo antiplasmodial activity of crude n-hexane and ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera (lam.) seeds on Plasmodium berghei. International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1(5), 50-54.
Omotoyinbo, O. V., & Sanni, M. D. (2015). GC-MS analysis of phyto-components from the leaves of Senna alata L. Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(3), 133-136. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20150303.14
Onwuezobe, I. A., Matthew, P. C., & Oyoyo, A. O. (2020). Bacteriological Profiles of Pyogenic Wound Infection among Adults with Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern at a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria. International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 41(13), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2020/v41i1330346
Perumal Samy, R., & Gopalakrishnakone, P. (2010). Therapeutic Potential of Plants as Anti-microbials for Drug Discovery. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM, 7(3), 283-294. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nen036
Peter, I. U., Edemekong, C. I., Balogun, O. M., Ikusika, B. A., Ngwu, J. N., Bassey, N. U., Mohammed, I. D., Mbong, E. O., Alagba, E. E., Ntekpe, M. E., Obodoechi, I. F., NseAbasi, P. L., Yahaya, I., Nomeh, O. L, Ugwueke, I. V., Ogba, R. C., Joseph, O. V., Ogbonna, I. P., Ubom, I. J., Akpu, P. O., & Uzoeto, H. O. (2022). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extract of Costus afer Plant extract against Selected Multidrug Resistant Bacteria. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS), 17(1), 39-42.
Poro, K. E., Hoekou, Y., Pissang, P., Kpabi, I., Novidzro, K. M., Dagnra, A. Y., Tchacondo, T., & Batawila, K. (2021). In vitro Antimycobacterial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 10(02), 3201-3208. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.351
Ríos, J. L., & Recio, M. C. (2005). Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 100 (1-2), 80-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.025
Simonovska, B., Vovk, I., Andrensek, S., Valentová, K., & Ulrichová, J. (2003). Investigation of phenolic acids in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) leaves and tubers. Journal of chromatography. A, 1016(1), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)01183-X
Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol, 299, 152-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
Tankeo, S. B., Damen, F., Sandjo, L. P., Celik, I., Tane, P., & Kuete, V. (2016). Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts, fractions and compounds from Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. (Hypericaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 190, 100-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.005
Thawabteh, A., Juma, S., Bader, M., Karaman, D., Scrano, L., Bufo, S. A., & Karaman, R. (2019). The Biological Activity of Natural Alkaloids against Herbivores, Cancerous Cells and Pathogens. Toxins, 11(11), 656. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110656
Tong, Z., He, W., Fan, X., & Guo, A. (2022). Biological Function of Plant Tannin and Its Application in Animal Health. Frontiers in veterinary science, 8, 803657. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.803657
Tor-Anyiin, T. A., & Anyam, J. V. (2013). Phytochemical evaluation and antibacterial activity: A comparison of various extracts from some Nigerian trees. Peak J Med Plant Res, 1, 13-8.
Ugboko, H. U., Nwinyi, O. C., Oranusi, S. U., Fatoki, T. H., & Omonhinmin, C. A. (2020). Antimicrobial Importance of Medicinal Plants in Nigeria. The Scientific World Journal, 7059323. 22. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7059323
Wikaningtyas, P., & Sukandar, E. Y. (2016). The antibacterial activity of selected plants towards resistant bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 6, 16-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.08.003
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
